Czym jest #artel? Rys historyczny.

Artel powstał na pograniczu demokracji chłopskiej i wojskowej, a nawet nieco zbójnickiej.
Ojczyzną arteli jest Ruś, bo wywodzą się one od wspólnot kozackich i nieformalnej samoorganizacji ruskich chłopów oraz robotników najemnych z terenów dzisiejszej Ukrainy i Rosji.
Pierwsi kozacy byli Połowcami i Tatarami, dopiero pod koniec XV i w XVI wieku nazwy tej zaczęli używać banici i uciekinierzy z ukraińskich i polskich posiadłości Rzeczpospolitej na tzw. Zaporoże. To oni utworzyli specyficzną demokrację wojskową, zresztą między innymi w obronie przed Tatarami. Jak wiele ludów, zamieszkujących te tereny przed nimi, kozacy trudnili się wojaczką, ale też rybołówstwem, myślistwem, hodowlą i handlem.

Więcej w artykule autorstwa Luddki

...while a small percentage of human beings have lived in a wealth of food, material comfort and learning, those not so lucky have been the functional equivalent of domestic beasts, in harness to the powerful and well off, creating their wealth for them but not benefiting from it themselves. If you happen to be a young black farm girl, what can you say to the world, or the world to you? You exist under all four of the great inequalities, and will live a shortened life of ignorance, hunger and fear. Indeed, it only takes one of the great inequalities to create such conditions.

So it must be said that the majority of humans ever to have lived, have existed in conditions of immiseration and servitude to a small minority of wealthy and powerful people. For every emperor and bureaucrat, for every caliph and qadi, for every full rich life, there have been ten thousand of these stunted, wasted lives. Even if you grant a minimal definition of a full life, and say that the strength of spirit in people, and the solidarity among people, have given many and many of the world's poor and powerless a measure of happiness and achievement amidst their struggle, still, there are so many who have lived lives destroyed by immiseration that it seems impossible to avoid concluding that there have been more lives wasted than fully lived.

All the world's various religions have attempted to explain or mitigate these inequalities, including Islam, which originated in the effort to create a realm in which all are equal; they have tried to justify the inequalities in this world. They all have failed; even Islam has failed; the Dar al Islam is as damaged by inequality as anywhere else. Indeed, I now think that the Indian and Chinese description of the afterlife, the system of the six lokas or realms of reality -- the devas, asuras, humans, beasts, pretas, and inhabitants of hell -- is in fact a metaphorical but precise description of this world and the inequalities that exist in it, with the devas sitting in luxury and judgment on the rest, the asuras fighting to keep the devas in their high position, the humans getting by as humans do, the beasts labouring as beasts do, the homeless preta suffering in fear at the edge of hell, and the inhabitants of hell enslaved to pure immiseration.

My feeling is that until the number of whole lives is greater than the number of shattered lives, we remain stuck in some kind of prehistory, unworthy of humanity's great spirit. History as a story worth telling will only begin when the whole lives outnumber the wasted ones. That means we have many generations to go before history begins. All the inequalities must end; all the surplus wealth must be equitably distributed. Until then we are still only some kind of gibbering monkey, and humanity, as we usually like to think of it, does not yet exist.

To put it in religious terms, we are still indeed in the bardo, waiting to be born.

Kim Stanley #Robinson, The Years of Salt and Rice

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